It is also very energy efficient, as it eliminates the listen mode in the nodes, hence, the nodes are only active when engaging the effective modes (transmission, reception, or synchronisation). It does this in a manner that the idle time of the base station is negligible insofar as there are any pending transmissions queued (in any direction). VST-TDMA is a MAC protocol that efficiently schedules the surrounding nodes. Empirical results show that LiFePO 4 cells have a deleterious intercident DOD level between 50–60% , and for lithim-metal-polymer there are two observable discontinuities, between 50–60% and between 70–80% . Reaching a high depth of discharge (DOD) level causes some harmful irreversible chemical effects on lithium ion batteries that consequently increases the battery's degradation rate, hence, decreasing its useful life . This protocol, with the incorporation of battery status information and an accurate battery-energy model, can estimate the battery depletion time and, as a corollary, avoid consuming the entire charge. The VST-TDMA is a MAC protocol designed with the flexibility and versatility to handle this systematic process. These objectives are the drivers of this work. Possibly, today, this is an unattainable characteristic in communication systems but, through smarter decision making, the media access control (MAC) protocol can efficiently utilise low-power energy-harvesting devices (EHDs) and simultaneously extend the life of the battery. Complete energy independence is hardly achievable due to limited energy-harvesting capabilities and battery degradation. In wireless communications, having energy-self-sustainable nodes is a challenging and on-going research topic.
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